БЪДИ и ЖИВЕЙ :: РАСНА Расени Етруски туски тирени тирсени

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14.05 10:10 - РАСНА Расени Етруски туски тирени тирсени

Автор: virtu Категория: Тя и той

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Според Дионисий от Халикарнас, етруските са се наричали Расена (на гръцки Ῥασέννα), произлизащо от етруското Rasna РАСНА: „народът“. Доказателства за надписи като Tular Rasnal ТУЛАР РАСНАЛ „граница на народа“ или Mechlum Rasnal (̙̌̄̋ ̛̀̔̍̀̋), „общност на народа“, свидетелстват за използването му като автоним.

According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the Etruscans called themselves Rasenna (Greek Ῥασέννα), a stem from the Etruscan Rasna (̛̀̔̍̀): "the people". Evidence of inscriptions as Tular Rasnal (̛̖̋̀̕ ̛̀̔̍̀̋), "boundary of the people", or Mechlum Rasnal (̙̌̄̋ ̛̀̔̍̀̋), "community of the people", attest to its autonym usage. The Tyrsenian etymology, however, remains unknown

Както и при други народи, мненията на историците, както древни, така и съвременни, се различават относно произхода на етруските, независимо дали е екзогенен (лидийски или пеласгийски) или автохтонен (вилановски). От древността са се разпространявали три хипотези относно произхода на етруските, като последната е най-разпространена.[16] Според Херодот етруските са от лидийски произход.[17] Несъгласните гласове са рядкост: Дионисий от Халикарнас, който е единственият, който защитава автохтонния произход на етруските, споменава мимоходом Хеланик от Лесбос, за когото етруските са пеласги.[18]

Comme dans le cas d"autres peuples, les avis des historiens, antiques et modernes, diffиrent а propos des origines des Йtrusques, exogиnes (Lydie ou Pйlasges) ou autochtones (Villanoviens). Dиs l"Antiquitй, trois hypothиses circulent а propos de l"origine des Йtrusques, celle d"une origine orientale йtant la plus rйpandue^[16]. Selon Hйrodote, les Йtrusques seraient d"origine lydienne^[17]. Les voix discordantes sont rares : Denys d"Halicarnasse, qui est le seul а dйfendre l"origine autochtone des Йtrusques, mentionne au passage Hellanicos de Lesbos, pour qui les Йtrusques auraient йtй des Pйlasges^[18].

Историкът от I век пр.н.е. Дионисий от Халикарнас, живеещ в Рим отхвърля много от древните теории на други историци и постулира, че етруските са били местно население, което винаги е живяло в Етрурия и е различно както от пеласгите, така и от лидийците.[58] Дионисий отбелязва, че историкът от V век Ксант от Лидия, който е родом от Сардис и е смятан за важен източник и авторитет за историята на Лидия, никога не е предполагал лидийски произход на етруските и никога не е посочвал Тирен като владетел на лидийците.[58]

However, the 1st-century BC historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus, living in Rome, dismissed many of the ancient theories of other historians and postulated that the Etruscans were indigenous people who had always lived in Etruria and were different from both the Pelasgians and the Lydians.^[58] Dionysius noted that the 5th-century historian Xanthus of Lydia, who was originally from Sardis and was regarded as an important source and authority for the history of Lydia, never suggested a Lydian origin of the Etruscans and never named Tyrrhenus as a ruler of the Lydians.^[58]

The Etruscans (/ɪˈtrʌskən/ ih-TRUS-kən) created a civilization in Etruria in ancient Italy, with a common language and culture, and formed a federation of city-states.^[2] After adjacent lands had been conquered, its territory covered, at its greatest extent, roughly what is now Tuscany, western Umbria and northern Lazio,^[3][4] as well as what are now the Po Valley, Emilia-Romagna, south-eastern Lombardy, southern Veneto and western Campania.^[5][6]

A large body of literature has flourished on the origins of the Etruscans, but the consensus among modern scholars is that the Etruscans were an indigenous population.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} The earliest evidence of a culture that is identifiably Etruscan dates from about 900 BC.^[1] This is the period of the Iron Age Villanovan culture, considered to be the earliest phase of Etruscan civilization,^{[12][13][14][15][16]} which itself developed from the previous late Bronze Age Proto-Villanovan culture in the same region,^[17] part of the central European Urnfield culture system.

The territorial extent of Etruscan civilization reached its maximum around 500 BC, shortly after the Roman Kingdom became the Roman Republic.^[18] Beginning in the late 4th century BC, it succumbed to the expanding Rome during the Roman–Etruscan Wars;^[19] Etruscans were granted Roman citizenship in 90 BC, and by 27 BC the whole Etruscan territory was incorporated into the newly established Roman Empire.^[1]

Its culture flourished in three confederacies of cities: Etruria (Tuscany, Latium and Umbria); the Po Valley, including the eastern Alps; and Campania.^[20][21] The league in northern Italy is mentioned by Livy in his Ab Urbe Condita.^[22][23][24] In the Etruscan political system, authority resided with individual cities and likely with individual families. At the height of Etruscan power, elite Etruscan families grew very rich through trade with the Celts to the north and the Greeks to the south, and they filled their large family tombs with imported luxuries.^[25][26]

The earliest known examples of Etruscan writing are inscriptions found in southern Etruria that date to around 700 BC.^[19][27] The Etruscans developed a system of writing derived from the Euboean alphabet, which was used in the Magna Graecia coastal areas in Southern Italy. The Etruscan language remains only partly understood, making modern understanding of their society and culture heavily dependent on much later and generally disapproving Roman and Greek sources.